The pre-production process is very important in the making of a moving image text. Without effective pre-production planning, there would be little organisation of personnel, equipment or no creative direction for the media text being made. The pre-production process begins with various creative processes including script writing, creating storyboards and shot lists – essentially the conceptualisation of the media text. Once the creative planning has been completed there would be numerous legal and logistically issues that would need to be dealt with including equipment hire, props, costume and location organisation as well as legal paperwork including releases for locations and talent as well as thoroughly risk assessing the production process. Only once the pre-production process is complete can the production move forward.
Types of Moving Image Productions
There are various types of moving image productions and each one requires a different method of distribution. Mainstream movies are typically made and distributed by production companies through cinema release and the DVD/Blu-Ray release. As films become older they see further distribution through Sky TV film channels or later, free-to-air TV channels. Independent films follow a different path for distribution as the producer for an independent film may not have a distribution deal. It would then be up to that individual to promote their film through the internet, social media and film festivals to try and secure some kind of distribution. If successful this may well mean a ‘straight to DVD’ release or if they are lucky enough, a limited cinema release to gauge public interest. Clerks (1993) directed and produced by Kevin Smith, is a good example of an independent film which made its way to cinema release. After securing a screening at a local film festival in New York, a local film consultant was able to secure the film a screening at Sundance Film Festival based on what he saw. From here, Miramax picked up the distribution rights to the film and it has gone on to be cited as one of the best indie films of the 1990’s.
Social Media and video streaming websites such as YouTube, Vimeo and DailyMotion have become a popular method of distributing independent filmmaking, animations and short story productions. It is cheap and easy to upload, publicise and distribute moving image productions and it has also become a popular method of distribution for music videos with Vevo dominating music video distribution on YouTube. Online film and TV distribution are also starting to compare with mainstream TV services such as Sky, FreeSat and Freeview. For a minimal cost per month, viewers have access to a range of films and TV shows through online streaming services such as Netflix, Amazon Prime and Apple TV. Many of these providers are also producing and distributing their own TV shows as well, competing with Sky for pay monthly customers.
Mainstream TV is still the most common distribution method for TV drama, sitcoms, soap operas and documentaries. Different TV channels will choose what they distribute based on their audiences and we do see a significant difference in the type of programs on BBC1 and ITV1 compared to BBC2 and Channel 4. BBC1 and ITV1 tend to be much more mainstream and will show the soap operas and mainstream sitcoms, whereas BBC2 and C4 will show more diverse programmes. Naked Attraction, for example, a dating game show where people make choices about possible spouses based on their naked bodies are distributed by Channel 4 and ITV tend to distribute the more obscure reality TV shows such as Bridezillas and Cupcake Wars on their online/free-to-air channel ITVBe rather than their primary channel. Many TV network channels have developed off-shoots of their primary channel for catch-up purposes (BBC+1 / ITV+1) and many have introduced sister-channels for a larger and more diverse range of programming. The BBC network, for example, has BBC One, Two, Three, Four, News, Parliament, Alba etc. All to meet their ever growing and diverse audiences. Many channels have followed suit and the lists are ever growing.
A lot of high budget films use their production companies to sort out the finance side of things and producers are the ones who give the films more money to invest the film with to ensure that it is of the best quality when it's finished. Different Hollywood films use source funds in order to funds their films, for example, many films have used private investors, which means that different Hollywood actors invest their own money into a film idea because they like the sound of it and want to make the film happen, examples of these actors are Ben Stiller and Clint Eastwood. Low budget films use different ways to raise the money they need to make the film, an example is they would use crowdfunding which is raising small amounts of money from a large number of people, this is usually done on the internet, but also sponsors help support the film financially, also public money from organisations such as the national lottery and the BFI help to gain them some money. The BFI uses the national lottery funds to develop and support original UK filmmakers and films.
In all major Hollywood films and small budget films, they need to meet certain requirements to make a film, also need a lot of different people on the crew to do different jobs. The different requirements include different qualities, for example, getting props that fit the film/film style. in our depict video, we didn't have a budget as all we needed was a camera, tripod and SD card - all of which we loaned from our college.
In different films, they will need to film on actual locations as some scenes wouldn't look good as a green screen and so there will be people in the crew who will have to scout for the perfect location, and sometimes its not even in the same country that the rest of the film is being filmed on.
In all films they will need a lot of different staff members doing a lot of different jobs, for example they will need people to man the cameras for each shot, they will also need people to sort out the lighting and sound in each of the shots as different rooms inside a building will have different types of lighting and so they will need people to figure out what looks the best. Also, they will need people to sort out costumes, hair and makeup, the role of each is that the costume designer has to decide what each character in the show would wear to fit their personality, or to fit the time frame that the film/ tv series is set in. the hair and makeup staff are there to make the actors look presentable in front of the camera, and to make sure that their skin doesn't look bad in the lighting.
In films, they might need to have bird's eye view shot and so the staff might set up a crane or jib which is a device with a camera on one end and a counterweight and camera controls on the other, the balanced point is near the counterweight so that the end with the camera can move through an extended arc. Also if there is a tracking scene then they would use a Dolly Runner which is used to push the camera along a lone track at a horizontal axis as the scene is being filmed. There are also people called runners who are important as they are the ones who take important paperwork to the directors or photocopy paperwork, also they are there to give scripts out to the actors/actresses, also the runners job is the starting point of working in the film industry and so a lot of people who work on films would've started off as runners.
The most important part of making a film is having actors, actors are there to follow the script on camera. With a lot of Hollywood films they might cast the same actor in different films, this is good as then the viewers can recognise them in films and might watch it just for that actor. Many different actors might perform their own stunts while filming, however, some actors won't do that as it is too dangerous and they could get injured, and so they would have stunt doubles to do their stunts for them.
In a lot of films, they hire different equipment rather than buy them to save money, also a lot of the productions hire from the same people for different films and so they might get discounts on the hiring. Most of the films hire high definition camera equipment, camera cranes, tripods etc.
Different films use Special Effects or SFX which is a software product that makes it easy to create different illusions or visual tricks used in the film, television, theatre, video games and simulator industries. A lot of films use Special Effects for example in Jurrasic World the dinosaurs are added afterwards. Another type of Special Effects is a green screen which is used to create a background for a shot if the crew can't actually film in that location. There are many types of Special Effects, for example, bullet time, computer-generated imagery [often using shaders], digital compositing, dolly zoom, in-camera effects, match moving, matte [filming], matte painting and miniature effects.
In all filmmaking, there has to be a time schedule, which shows the filming crew what to film and when however they don't always film in chronological order. Also, something might happen during production which causes the whole film to be pushed back and released at a later date, for example, during the filming of The Death Cure, Dylan O'Brien suffered from a serious injury and so production had to be stopped for almost a year, which meant that the film got released later than planned.
There are many different media regulations in film and media, these are the control or guidance of mass media by governments and other bodies. The targets of media regulations are the press, radio and television, but might also include different things such as film, recorded music, the internet and mobile phones etc. Ofcom also called The Office of Communications, is a UK government approved regulatory and competition authority for the broadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries of the United Kingdom.
In conclusion, there is a lot more to a film then just actors and cameras, films take a lot of time and money in order to make them look the best that they can be.
Mainstream TV is still the most common distribution method for TV drama, sitcoms, soap operas and documentaries. Different TV channels will choose what they distribute based on their audiences and we do see a significant difference in the type of programs on BBC1 and ITV1 compared to BBC2 and Channel 4. BBC1 and ITV1 tend to be much more mainstream and will show the soap operas and mainstream sitcoms, whereas BBC2 and C4 will show more diverse programmes. Naked Attraction, for example, a dating game show where people make choices about possible spouses based on their naked bodies are distributed by Channel 4 and ITV tend to distribute the more obscure reality TV shows such as Bridezillas and Cupcake Wars on their online/free-to-air channel ITVBe rather than their primary channel. Many TV network channels have developed off-shoots of their primary channel for catch-up purposes (BBC+1 / ITV+1) and many have introduced sister-channels for a larger and more diverse range of programming. The BBC network, for example, has BBC One, Two, Three, Four, News, Parliament, Alba etc. All to meet their ever growing and diverse audiences. Many channels have followed suit and the lists are ever growing.
A lot of high budget films use their production companies to sort out the finance side of things and producers are the ones who give the films more money to invest the film with to ensure that it is of the best quality when it's finished. Different Hollywood films use source funds in order to funds their films, for example, many films have used private investors, which means that different Hollywood actors invest their own money into a film idea because they like the sound of it and want to make the film happen, examples of these actors are Ben Stiller and Clint Eastwood. Low budget films use different ways to raise the money they need to make the film, an example is they would use crowdfunding which is raising small amounts of money from a large number of people, this is usually done on the internet, but also sponsors help support the film financially, also public money from organisations such as the national lottery and the BFI help to gain them some money. The BFI uses the national lottery funds to develop and support original UK filmmakers and films.
In all major Hollywood films and small budget films, they need to meet certain requirements to make a film, also need a lot of different people on the crew to do different jobs. The different requirements include different qualities, for example, getting props that fit the film/film style. in our depict video, we didn't have a budget as all we needed was a camera, tripod and SD card - all of which we loaned from our college.
In different films, they will need to film on actual locations as some scenes wouldn't look good as a green screen and so there will be people in the crew who will have to scout for the perfect location, and sometimes its not even in the same country that the rest of the film is being filmed on.
In all films they will need a lot of different staff members doing a lot of different jobs, for example they will need people to man the cameras for each shot, they will also need people to sort out the lighting and sound in each of the shots as different rooms inside a building will have different types of lighting and so they will need people to figure out what looks the best. Also, they will need people to sort out costumes, hair and makeup, the role of each is that the costume designer has to decide what each character in the show would wear to fit their personality, or to fit the time frame that the film/ tv series is set in. the hair and makeup staff are there to make the actors look presentable in front of the camera, and to make sure that their skin doesn't look bad in the lighting.
In films, they might need to have bird's eye view shot and so the staff might set up a crane or jib which is a device with a camera on one end and a counterweight and camera controls on the other, the balanced point is near the counterweight so that the end with the camera can move through an extended arc. Also if there is a tracking scene then they would use a Dolly Runner which is used to push the camera along a lone track at a horizontal axis as the scene is being filmed. There are also people called runners who are important as they are the ones who take important paperwork to the directors or photocopy paperwork, also they are there to give scripts out to the actors/actresses, also the runners job is the starting point of working in the film industry and so a lot of people who work on films would've started off as runners.
The most important part of making a film is having actors, actors are there to follow the script on camera. With a lot of Hollywood films they might cast the same actor in different films, this is good as then the viewers can recognise them in films and might watch it just for that actor. Many different actors might perform their own stunts while filming, however, some actors won't do that as it is too dangerous and they could get injured, and so they would have stunt doubles to do their stunts for them.
In a lot of films, they hire different equipment rather than buy them to save money, also a lot of the productions hire from the same people for different films and so they might get discounts on the hiring. Most of the films hire high definition camera equipment, camera cranes, tripods etc.
Different films use Special Effects or SFX which is a software product that makes it easy to create different illusions or visual tricks used in the film, television, theatre, video games and simulator industries. A lot of films use Special Effects for example in Jurrasic World the dinosaurs are added afterwards. Another type of Special Effects is a green screen which is used to create a background for a shot if the crew can't actually film in that location. There are many types of Special Effects, for example, bullet time, computer-generated imagery [often using shaders], digital compositing, dolly zoom, in-camera effects, match moving, matte [filming], matte painting and miniature effects.
In all filmmaking, there has to be a time schedule, which shows the filming crew what to film and when however they don't always film in chronological order. Also, something might happen during production which causes the whole film to be pushed back and released at a later date, for example, during the filming of The Death Cure, Dylan O'Brien suffered from a serious injury and so production had to be stopped for almost a year, which meant that the film got released later than planned.
There are many different media regulations in film and media, these are the control or guidance of mass media by governments and other bodies. The targets of media regulations are the press, radio and television, but might also include different things such as film, recorded music, the internet and mobile phones etc. Ofcom also called The Office of Communications, is a UK government approved regulatory and competition authority for the broadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries of the United Kingdom.
In conclusion, there is a lot more to a film then just actors and cameras, films take a lot of time and money in order to make them look the best that they can be.
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